La différence principale entre un bail commercial et un bail professionnel réside dans l’activité qui est pratiquée au sein du local loué. En effet, un bail commercial est à destination des activités commerciales, artisanales et industrielles.
A l’inverse, ces activités ne peuvent pas être pratiquées dans le cadre d’un bail professionnel, ce dernier étant principalement destiné aux professions libérales.
MGLJ vous apporte des précisions sur les différences entre un bail professionnel et un bail commercial dans cet article.
Quelles sont les différences entre un bail commercial et un bail professionnel ?
Les baux commerciaux et professionnels sont deux contrats de location à part entière qui se différencient sur de nombreux points. Ils ont leur législation propre, des droits bien distincts et sont destinés à des professions différentes. Intéressons-nous plus précisément à ces différences :
Le type d’activité exercée
Le bail commercial est destiné aux professionnels pratiquant une activité commerciale, artisanale ou industrielle. Quant à lui, le bail professionnel s’adresse aux professionnels exerçant une activité non commerciale, et notamment aux professionnels libéraux.
La durée du bail
Les baux commerciaux classiques ont une durée légale minimale de 9 ans, alors que les baux professionnels n’engagent les parties prenantes que pour une durée de 6 ans.
La clause résolutoire
La résiliation du bail est beaucoup plus souple pour les locataires du bail professionnel. En effet, ils peuvent résilier à tout moment leur contrat de location, à condition qu’ils respectent un préavis de 6 mois. A l’inverse, les locataires de baux commerciaux doivent respecter une procédure bien plus stricte lors de la résiliation de leur contrat de location. Cette dernière ne peut avoir lieu que tous les 3 ans, à l’issue d’une période triennale, tout en respectant un préavis de 6 mois.
Le renouvellement du bail
Concernant le renouvellement du bail commercial, le bail commercial protège le locataire et notamment son fonds de commerce, ce qui rend difficile la résiliation par le bailleur, qui ne peut donner congé au locataire qu’au terme des 9 ans et moyennant le versement d’une indemnité d’éviction. A l’inverse, le bail professionnel ne dispose pas d’un droit au renouvellement, le bailleur peut mettre un terme au bail à l’issue des 6 ans sans avoir à se justifier ou verser une quelconque indemnité.
La révision du loyer
Dans un bail commercial, le montant du loyer peut légalement être révisé à l’issue de chaque période triennale. En revanche, le loyer ne peut être révisé dans un bail professionnel, sauf si une clause du bail le prévoit.
La répartition des charges
La répartition des charges est librement fixée par les cocontractants d’un bail commercial, qui sont alors uniques garants du paiement des charges. Cependant, la loi impose que certaines charges doivent rester à la charge du bailleur. A l’inverse, la loi ne précise pas à qui incombent les charges dans le cadre d’un bail professionnel. Le bailleur et le locataire doivent alors décider entre eux de la répartition de ces dernières.
Un professionnel exerçant une activité libérale peut aussi opter pour un bail mixte. Dans ce cas, le local lui sert de lieu de travail et de lieu d’habitation. Ce type de bail se rapproche d’un bail professionnel (malgré quelques exceptions, comme un préavis de 3 mois et non de 6) et permet au professionnel de concilier habitation et travail.
Ainsi, un professionnel exerçant une activité libérale choisira plus logiquement un bail professionnel, là où un professionnel pratiquant une activité commerciale, artisanale ou industrielle se dirigera vers un bail commercial. Cependant, un professionnel libéral peut choisir de former un bail commercial s’il souhaite s’implanter dans une zone géographique à long terme.
Alors, si vous avez besoin d’aide pour choisir entre le bail commercial, le bail professionnel ou le bail dérogatoire ou de courte durée, les conseillers de MGLJ sauront vous renseigner !
Poursuivez votre lecture avec notre article “Bail commercial précaire : explications”.
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